Urinary & Renal System

A gradual, irreversible loss of kidney filtration, waste excretion, and urine concentration ability over months or years.

An umbrella term encompassing disorders affecting the feline urinary bladder and urethra, including feline idiopathic cystitis, bladder stones, and urethral plugs.

A serious, zoonotic bacterial infection transmitted through contaminated water or wildlife urine that causes acute kidney failure and liver damage.

Abnormally increased thirst and excessive water consumption.

The production and excretion of an abnormally large volume of urine.

The presence of red blood cells in the urine, giving it a pink, red, or brownish discoloration.

An abnormal state of drowsiness, sluggishness, low energy, and reluctance to engage in normal physical activity.

The abnormal pathologic accumulation of free fluid within the peritoneal cavity, causing abdominal distension.

Slow, painful, spasmodic, or straining urination, typically associated with lower urinary tract inflammation or obstruction.

An offensive, foul, or abnormal odor emanating from the oral cavity, typically caused by periodontal disease, oral necrosis, or systemic metabolic illness.

A potentiated broad-spectrum aminopenicillin antibiotic combined with a beta-lactamase inhibitor to treat skin, urinary, and respiratory bacterial infections.

A potent bactericidal fluoroquinolone antibiotic targeting bacterial DNA gyrase, used for severe Gram-negative infections.

A potent loop diuretic that inhibits sodium and water reabsorption in the kidneys to rapidly clear fluid accumulation from heart failure.

A first-generation bactericidal cephalosporin antibiotic that inhibits bacterial cell wall synthesis, premier for canine bacterial pyoderma.

A panel of blood biochemical tests that evaluates organ function, electrolytes, blood sugar, and metabolic status.

A physical, chemical, and microscopic examination of urine to evaluate kidney function and the lower urinary tract.

A sensitive renal biomarker produced by cellular metabolism and excreted by the kidneys, detecting kidney function loss earlier than traditional creatinine.

A real-time, non-invasive imaging modality using high-frequency sound waves to visualize internal soft tissue organ architecture and fluid.

A waste byproduct of normal muscle breakdown excreted exclusively by the kidneys; the primary blood biomarker for renal filtration and IRIS staging.

A metabolic waste product of dietary protein digestion and liver metabolism, excreted primarily by the kidneys.

A quantitative laboratory test measuring the ratio of protein to creatinine in urine to diagnose and quantify renal glomerular protein loss.

A surgical incision into the urinary bladder, most frequently performed to remove bladder stones (uroliths) or biopsy bladder tumors.

A diagnostic or therapeutic puncture of the abdominal wall using a needle or catheter to aspirate free peritoneal fluid.

A surgical reconstructive procedure in male cats that removes the narrow penile urethra and creates a permanent, wider urethral opening to prevent urinary obstruction.

A minimally invasive diagnostic sampling procedure using real-time ultrasound guidance to direct a fine needle into deep internal organs or masses to harvest cells for cytology.

The microscopic functional filtration unit of the kidney that filters waste products and water from the blood while retaining vital proteins.

A distensible, muscular reservoir organ in the caudal abdomen that stores urine produced by the kidneys prior to urination.

The fibromuscular tubular conduit that conveys urine from the bladder neck to the outside of the body.

Paired retroperitoneal organs that filter metabolic waste from the blood, balance fluids and electrolytes, and concentrate urine.

A prescription abbreviation originating from Latin meaning "bis in die," directing a medication to be given twice a day, approximately 12 hours apart.

A prescription abbreviation from Latin "ter in die," directing a medication to be administered three times a day, roughly every 8 hours.

A veterinary prescription abbreviation from Latin "semel in die," directing a medication to be given once a day, every 24 hours.

A clinical medical chart abbreviation indicating that an anatomical structure, organ system, or laboratory test value falls completely within expected healthy parameters.

An informal yet universally recognized veterinary clinical shorthand for "Ain’t Doing Right," denoting vague, non-specific malaise or illness without localized signs.

A prescription abbreviation from Latin "quater in die," directing a medication to be administered four times a day, approximately every 6 hours.

The universal four-part clinical documentation structure used by veterinarians: Subjective, Objective, Assessment, and Plan.